X-Git-Url: https://scripts.mit.edu/gitweb/autoinstalls/wordpress.git/blobdiff_plain/41578db67d72562346e4dbb2a14889b23d522813..caeaf8dc94b5e3f75dc98ec92dc7b76049cdddb6:/wp-includes/comment.php

diff --git a/wp-includes/comment.php b/wp-includes/comment.php
index f7ddbc47..c8984f08 100644
--- a/wp-includes/comment.php
+++ b/wp-includes/comment.php
@@ -7,49 +7,49 @@
  */
 
 /**
- * Checks whether a comment passes internal checks to be allowed to add.
+ * Check whether a comment passes internal checks to be allowed to add.
  *
- * If comment moderation is set in the administration, then all comments,
- * regardless of their type and whitelist will be set to false. If the number of
- * links exceeds the amount in the administration, then the check fails. If any
- * of the parameter contents match the blacklist of words, then the check fails.
+ * If manual comment moderation is set in the administration, then all checks,
+ * regardless of their type and whitelist, will fail and the function will
+ * return false.
  *
  * If the number of links exceeds the amount in the administration, then the
  * check fails. If any of the parameter contents match the blacklist of words,
  * then the check fails.
  *
- * If the comment author was approved before, then the comment is
- * automatically whitelisted.
+ * If the comment author was approved before, then the comment is automatically
+ * whitelisted.
  *
- * If none of the checks fail, then the failback is to set the check to pass
- * (return true).
+ * If all checks pass, the function will return true.
  *
  * @since 1.2.0
- * @uses $wpdb
- *
- * @param string $author Comment Author's name
- * @param string $email Comment Author's email
- * @param string $url Comment Author's URL
- * @param string $comment Comment contents
- * @param string $user_ip Comment Author's IP address
- * @param string $user_agent Comment Author's User Agent
- * @param string $comment_type Comment type, either user submitted comment,
- *		trackback, or pingback
- * @return bool Whether the checks passed (true) and the comments should be
- *		displayed or set to moderated
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
+ *
+ * @param string $author       Comment author name.
+ * @param string $email        Comment author email.
+ * @param string $url          Comment author URL.
+ * @param string $comment      Content of the comment.
+ * @param string $user_ip      Comment author IP address.
+ * @param string $user_agent   Comment author User-Agent.
+ * @param string $comment_type Comment type, either user-submitted comment,
+ *		                       trackback, or pingback.
+ * @return bool If all checks pass, true, otherwise false.
  */
 function check_comment($author, $email, $url, $comment, $user_ip, $user_agent, $comment_type) {
 	global $wpdb;
 
+	// If manual moderation is enabled, skip all checks and return false.
 	if ( 1 == get_option('comment_moderation') )
-		return false; // If moderation is set to manual
+		return false;
 
 	/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/comment-template.php */
 	$comment = apply_filters( 'comment_text', $comment );
 
-	// Check # of external links
+	// Check for the number of external links if a max allowed number is set.
 	if ( $max_links = get_option( 'comment_max_links' ) ) {
 		$num_links = preg_match_all( '/<a [^>]*href/i', $comment, $out );
+
 		/**
 		 * Filter the maximum number of links allowed in a comment.
 		 *
@@ -59,25 +59,38 @@ function check_comment($author, $email, $url, $comment, $user_ip, $user_agent, $
 		 * @param string $url       Comment author's URL. Included in allowed links total.
 		 */
 		$num_links = apply_filters( 'comment_max_links_url', $num_links, $url );
+
+		/*
+		 * If the number of links in the comment exceeds the allowed amount,
+		 * fail the check by returning false.
+		 */
 		if ( $num_links >= $max_links )
 			return false;
 	}
 
 	$mod_keys = trim(get_option('moderation_keys'));
+
+	// If moderation 'keys' (keywords) are set, process them.
 	if ( !empty($mod_keys) ) {
 		$words = explode("\n", $mod_keys );
 
 		foreach ( (array) $words as $word) {
 			$word = trim($word);
 
-			// Skip empty lines
+			// Skip empty lines.
 			if ( empty($word) )
 				continue;
 
-			// Do some escaping magic so that '#' chars in the
-			// spam words don't break things:
+			/*
+			 * Do some escaping magic so that '#' (number of) characters in the spam
+			 * words don't break things:
+			 */
 			$word = preg_quote($word, '#');
 
+			/*
+			 * Check the comment fields for moderation keywords. If any are found,
+			 * fail the check for the given field by returning false.
+			 */
 			$pattern = "#$word#i";
 			if ( preg_match($pattern, $author) ) return false;
 			if ( preg_match($pattern, $email) ) return false;
@@ -88,7 +101,13 @@ function check_comment($author, $email, $url, $comment, $user_ip, $user_agent, $
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Comment whitelisting:
+	/*
+	 * Check if the option to approve comments by previously-approved authors is enabled.
+	 *
+	 * If it is enabled, check whether the comment author has a previously-approved comment,
+	 * as well as whether there are any moderation keywords (if set) present in the author
+	 * email address. If both checks pass, return true. Otherwise, return false.
+	 */
 	if ( 1 == get_option('comment_whitelist')) {
 		if ( 'trackback' != $comment_type && 'pingback' != $comment_type && $author != '' && $email != '' ) {
 			// expected_slashed ($author, $email)
@@ -109,14 +128,28 @@ function check_comment($author, $email, $url, $comment, $user_ip, $user_agent, $
  * Retrieve the approved comments for post $post_id.
  *
  * @since 2.0.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ * @since 4.1.0 Refactored to leverage {@see WP_Comment_Query} over a direct query.
  *
- * @param int $post_id The ID of the post
- * @return array $comments The approved comments
+ * @param  int   $post_id The ID of the post.
+ * @param  array $args    Optional. See {@see WP_Comment_Query::query()} for information
+ *                        on accepted arguments.
+ * @return int|array $comments The approved comments, or number of comments if `$count`
+ *                             argument is true.
  */
-function get_approved_comments($post_id) {
-	global $wpdb;
-	return $wpdb->get_results($wpdb->prepare("SELECT * FROM $wpdb->comments WHERE comment_post_ID = %d AND comment_approved = '1' ORDER BY comment_date", $post_id));
+function get_approved_comments( $post_id, $args = array() ) {
+	if ( ! $post_id ) {
+		return array();
+	}
+
+	$defaults = array(
+		'status'  => 1,
+		'post_id' => $post_id,
+		'order'   => 'ASC',
+	);
+	$r = wp_parse_args( $args, $defaults );
+
+	$query = new WP_Comment_Query;
+	return $query->query( $r );
 }
 
 /**
@@ -127,7 +160,8 @@ function get_approved_comments($post_id) {
  * comment variable will be used, if it is set.
  *
  * @since 2.0.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param object|string|int $comment Comment to retrieve.
  * @param string $output Optional. OBJECT or ARRAY_A or ARRAY_N constants.
@@ -182,14 +216,13 @@ function get_comment(&$comment, $output = OBJECT) {
  *
  * The comment list can be for the blog as a whole or for an individual post.
  *
- * The list of comment arguments are 'status', 'orderby', 'comment_date_gmt',
- * 'order', 'number', 'offset', and 'post_id'.
- *
  * @since 2.7.0
- * @uses $wpdb
  *
- * @param mixed $args Optional. Array or string of options to override defaults.
- * @return array List of comments.
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
+ *
+ * @param string|array $args Optional. Array or string of arguments. See {@see WP_Comment_Query::query()}
+ *                           for information on accepted arguments. Default empty.
+ * @return int|array List of comments or number of found comments if `$count` argument is true.
  */
 function get_comments( $args = '' ) {
 	$query = new WP_Comment_Query;
@@ -199,9 +232,20 @@ function get_comments( $args = '' ) {
 /**
  * WordPress Comment Query class.
  *
+ * See {@see WP_Comment_Query::query()} for accepted arguments.
+ *
  * @since 3.1.0
  */
 class WP_Comment_Query {
+	/**
+	 * SQL for database query.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.0.1
+	 * @access public
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $request;
+
 	/**
 	 * Metadata query container
 	 *
@@ -209,7 +253,7 @@ class WP_Comment_Query {
 	 * @access public
 	 * @var object WP_Meta_Query
 	 */
-	var $meta_query = false;
+	public $meta_query = false;
 
 	/**
 	 * Date query container
@@ -218,37 +262,135 @@ class WP_Comment_Query {
 	 * @access public
 	 * @var object WP_Date_Query
 	 */
-	var $date_query = false;
+	public $date_query = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $query_vars;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $comments;
+
+	/**
+	 * Make private/protected methods readable for backwards compatibility.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.0.0
+	 * @access public
+	 *
+	 * @param callable $name      Method to call.
+	 * @param array    $arguments Arguments to pass when calling.
+	 * @return mixed|bool Return value of the callback, false otherwise.
+	 */
+	public function __call( $name, $arguments ) {
+		return call_user_func_array( array( $this, $name ), $arguments );
+	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * @since 3.1.0
-	 *
-	 * @param string|array $query_vars
-	 * @return int|array
+	 * @since 4.1.0 Introduced 'comment__in', 'comment__not_in', 'post_author__in',
+	 *              'post_author__not_in', 'author__in', 'author__not_in', 'post__in',
+	 *              'post__not_in', 'include_unapproved', 'type__in', and 'type__not_in'
+	 *              arguments to $query_vars.
+	 *
+	 * @param string|array $query_vars {
+	 *     Optional. Array or query string of comment query parameters.
+	 *
+	 *     @type string       $author_email        Comment author email address. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $author__in          Array of author IDs to include comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $author__not_in      Array of author IDs to exclude comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $comment__in         Array of comment IDs to include. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $comment__not_in     Array of comment IDs to exclude. Default empty.
+	 *     @type bool         $count               Whether to return a comment count (true) or array of comment
+	 *                                             objects (false). Default false.
+	 *     @type array        $date_query          Date query clauses to limit comments by. See {@see WP_Date_Query}.
+	 *                                             Default null.
+	 *     @type string       $fields              Comment fields to return. Accepts 'ids' for comment IDs only or
+	 *                                             empty for all fields. Default empty.
+	 *     @type int          $ID                  Currently unused.
+	 *     @type array        $include_unapproved  Array of IDs or email addresses of users whose unapproved comments
+	 *                                             will be returned by the query regardless of `$status`. Default empty.
+	 *     @type int          $karma               Karma score to retrieve matching comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type string       $meta_key            Include comments with a matching comment meta key. Default empty.
+	 *     @type string       $meta_value          Include comments with a matching comment meta value. Requires
+	 *                                             `$meta_key` to be set. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $meta_query          Meta query clauses to limit retrieved comments by.
+	 *                                             See {@see WP_Meta_Query}. Default empty.
+	 *     @type int          $number              Maximum number of comments to retrieve. Default null (no limit).
+	 *     @type int          $offset              Number of comments to offset the query. Used to build LIMIT clause.
+	 *                                             Default 0.
+	 *     @type string|array $orderby             Comment status or array of statuses. Accepts 'comment_agent',
+	 *                                             'comment_approved', 'comment_author', 'comment_author_email',
+	 *                                             'comment_author_IP', 'comment_author_url', 'comment_content',
+	 *                                             'comment_date', 'comment_date_gmt', 'comment_ID', 'comment_karma',
+	 *                                             'comment_parent', 'comment_post_ID', 'comment_type', 'user_id',
+	 *                                             'meta_value', 'meta_value_num', or value of $meta_key.
+	 *                                              Also accepts false, empty array, or 'none' to disable `ORDER BY`
+	 *                                             clause. Default: 'comment_date_gmt'.
+	 *     @type string       $order               How to order retrieved comments. Accepts 'ASC', 'DESC'.
+	 *                                             Default: 'DESC'.
+	 *     @type int          $parent              Parent ID of comment to retrieve children of. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $post_author__in     Array of author IDs to retrieve comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $post_author__not_in Array of author IDs *not* to retrieve comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type int          $post_ID             Currently unused.
+	 *     @type int          $post_id             Limit results to those affiliated with a given post ID. Default 0.
+	 *     @type array        $post__in            Array of post IDs to include affiliated comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $post__not_in        Array of post IDs to exclude affiliated comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type int          $post_author         Comment author ID to limit results by. Default empty.
+	 *     @type string       $post_status         Post status to retrieve affiliated comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type string       $post_type           Post type to retrieve affiliated comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type string       $post_name           Post name to retrieve affiliated comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type int          $post_parent         Post parent ID to retrieve affiliated comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type string       $search              Search term(s) to retrieve matching comments for. Default empty.
+	 *     @type string       $status              Comment status to limit results by. Accepts 'hold'
+	 *                                             (`comment_status=0`), 'approve' (`comment_status=1`), 'all', or a
+	 *                                             custom comment status. Default 'all'.
+	 *     @type string|array $type                Include comments of a given type, or array of types. Accepts
+	 *                                             'comment', 'pings' (includes 'pingback' and 'trackback'), or any
+	 *                                             custom type string. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $type__in            Include comments from a given array of comment types. Default empty.
+	 *     @type array        $type__not_in        Exclude comments from a given array of comment types. Default empty.
+	 *     @type int          $user_id             Include comments for a specific user ID. Default empty.
+	 * }
+	 * @return int|array Array of comments or number of found comments if `$count` is set to true.
 	 */
-	function query( $query_vars ) {
+	public function query( $query_vars ) {
 		global $wpdb;
 
 		$defaults = array(
 			'author_email' => '',
+			'author__in' => '',
+			'author__not_in' => '',
+			'include_unapproved' => '',
+			'fields' => '',
 			'ID' => '',
+			'comment__in' => '',
+			'comment__not_in' => '',
 			'karma' => '',
 			'number' => '',
 			'offset' => '',
 			'orderby' => '',
 			'order' => 'DESC',
 			'parent' => '',
+			'post_author__in' => '',
+			'post_author__not_in' => '',
 			'post_ID' => '',
 			'post_id' => 0,
+			'post__in' => '',
+			'post__not_in' => '',
 			'post_author' => '',
 			'post_name' => '',
 			'post_parent' => '',
 			'post_status' => '',
 			'post_type' => '',
-			'status' => '',
+			'status' => 'all',
 			'type' => '',
+			'type__in' => '',
+			'type__not_in' => '',
 			'user_id' => '',
 			'search' => '',
 			'count' => false,
@@ -274,10 +416,9 @@ class WP_Comment_Query {
 		 * @param WP_Comment_Query &$this Current instance of WP_Comment_Query, passed by reference.
 		 */
 		do_action_ref_array( 'pre_get_comments', array( &$this ) );
-		extract( $this->query_vars, EXTR_SKIP );
 
 		// $args can be whatever, only use the args defined in defaults to compute the key
-		$key = md5( serialize( compact(array_keys($defaults)) )  );
+		$key = md5( serialize( wp_array_slice_assoc( $this->query_vars, array_keys( $defaults ) ) )  );
 		$last_changed = wp_cache_get( 'last_changed', 'comment' );
 		if ( ! $last_changed ) {
 			$last_changed = microtime();
@@ -285,24 +426,91 @@ class WP_Comment_Query {
 		}
 		$cache_key = "get_comments:$key:$last_changed";
 
-		if ( $cache = wp_cache_get( $cache_key, 'comment' ) )
+		if ( $cache = wp_cache_get( $cache_key, 'comment' ) ) {
 			return $cache;
+		}
 
-		$post_id = absint($post_id);
+		$where = array();
 
-		if ( 'hold' == $status )
-			$approved = "comment_approved = '0'";
-		elseif ( 'approve' == $status )
-			$approved = "comment_approved = '1'";
-		elseif ( ! empty( $status ) && 'all' != $status )
-			$approved = $wpdb->prepare( "comment_approved = %s", $status );
-		else
-			$approved = "( comment_approved = '0' OR comment_approved = '1' )";
+		// Assemble clauses related to 'comment_approved'.
+		$approved_clauses = array();
 
-		$order = ( 'ASC' == strtoupper($order) ) ? 'ASC' : 'DESC';
+		// 'status' accepts an array or a comma-separated string.
+		$status_clauses = array();
+		$statuses = $this->query_vars['status'];
+		if ( ! is_array( $statuses ) ) {
+			$statuses = preg_split( '/[\s,]+/', $statuses );
+		}
+
+		// 'any' overrides other statuses.
+		if ( ! in_array( 'any', $statuses ) ) {
+			foreach ( $statuses as $status ) {
+				switch ( $status ) {
+					case 'hold' :
+						$status_clauses[] = "comment_approved = '0'";
+						break;
+
+					case 'approve' :
+						$status_clauses[] = "comment_approved = '1'";
+						break;
+
+					case 'all' :
+					case '' :
+						$status_clauses[] = "( comment_approved = '0' OR comment_approved = '1' )";
+						break;
+
+					default :
+						$status_clauses[] = $wpdb->prepare( "comment_approved = %s", $status );
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty( $status_clauses ) ) {
+				$approved_clauses[] = '( ' . implode( ' OR ', $status_clauses ) . ' )';
+			}
+		}
+
+		// User IDs or emails whose unapproved comments are included, regardless of $status.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['include_unapproved'] ) ) {
+			$include_unapproved = $this->query_vars['include_unapproved'];
+
+			// Accepts arrays or comma-separated strings.
+			if ( ! is_array( $include_unapproved ) ) {
+				$include_unapproved = preg_split( '/[\s,]+/', $include_unapproved );
+			}
+
+			$unapproved_ids = $unapproved_emails = array();
+			foreach ( $include_unapproved as $unapproved_identifier ) {
+				// Numeric values are assumed to be user ids.
+				if ( is_numeric( $unapproved_identifier ) ) {
+					$approved_clauses[] = $wpdb->prepare( "( user_id = %d AND comment_approved = '0' )", $unapproved_identifier );
+
+				// Otherwise we match against email addresses.
+				} else {
+					$approved_clauses[] = $wpdb->prepare( "( comment_author_email = %s AND comment_approved = '0' )", $unapproved_identifier );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Collapse comment_approved clauses into a single OR-separated clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $approved_clauses ) ) {
+			if ( 1 === count( $approved_clauses ) ) {
+				$where[] = $approved_clauses[0];
+			} else {
+				$where[] = '( ' . implode( ' OR ', $approved_clauses ) . ' )';
+			}
+		}
+
+		$order = ( 'ASC' == strtoupper( $this->query_vars['order'] ) ) ? 'ASC' : 'DESC';
+
+		// Disable ORDER BY with 'none', an empty array, or boolean false.
+		if ( in_array( $this->query_vars['orderby'], array( 'none', array(), false ), true ) ) {
+			$orderby = '';
+		} else if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['orderby'] ) ) {
+			$ordersby = is_array( $this->query_vars['orderby'] ) ?
+				$this->query_vars['orderby'] :
+				preg_split( '/[,\s]/', $this->query_vars['orderby'] );
 
-		if ( ! empty( $orderby ) ) {
-			$ordersby = is_array($orderby) ? $orderby : preg_split('/[,\s]/', $orderby);
 			$allowed_keys = array(
 				'comment_agent',
 				'comment_approved',
@@ -338,70 +546,184 @@ class WP_Comment_Query {
 			$orderby = 'comment_date_gmt';
 		}
 
-		$number = absint($number);
-		$offset = absint($offset);
+		$number = absint( $this->query_vars['number'] );
+		$offset = absint( $this->query_vars['offset'] );
 
-		if ( !empty($number) ) {
-			if ( $offset )
+		if ( ! empty( $number ) ) {
+			if ( $offset ) {
 				$limits = 'LIMIT ' . $offset . ',' . $number;
-			else
+			} else {
 				$limits = 'LIMIT ' . $number;
+			}
 		} else {
 			$limits = '';
 		}
 
-		if ( $count )
+		if ( $this->query_vars['count'] ) {
 			$fields = 'COUNT(*)';
-		else
-			$fields = '*';
+		} else {
+			switch ( strtolower( $this->query_vars['fields'] ) ) {
+				case 'ids':
+					$fields = "$wpdb->comments.comment_ID";
+					break;
+				default:
+					$fields = "*";
+					break;
+			}
+		}
 
 		$join = '';
-		$where = $approved;
-
-		if ( ! empty($post_id) )
-			$where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND comment_post_ID = %d', $post_id );
-		if ( '' !== $author_email )
-			$where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND comment_author_email = %s', $author_email );
-		if ( '' !== $karma )
-			$where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND comment_karma = %d', $karma );
-		if ( 'comment' == $type ) {
-			$where .= " AND comment_type = ''";
-		} elseif( 'pings' == $type ) {
-			$where .= ' AND comment_type IN ("pingback", "trackback")';
-		} elseif ( ! empty( $type ) ) {
-			$where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND comment_type = %s', $type );
+
+		$post_id = absint( $this->query_vars['post_id'] );
+		if ( ! empty( $post_id ) ) {
+			$where[] = $wpdb->prepare( 'comment_post_ID = %d', $post_id );
+		}
+
+		// Parse comment IDs for an IN clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['comment__in'] ) ) {
+			$where[] = 'comment_ID IN ( ' . implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['comment__in'] ) ) . ' )';
+		}
+
+		// Parse comment IDs for a NOT IN clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['comment__not_in'] ) ) {
+			$where[] = 'comment_ID NOT IN ( ' . implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['comment__not_in'] ) ) . ' )';
+		}
+
+		// Parse comment post IDs for an IN clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['post__in'] ) ) {
+			$where[] = 'comment_post_ID IN ( ' . implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['post__in'] ) ) . ' )';
+		}
+
+		// Parse comment post IDs for a NOT IN clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['post__not_in'] ) ) {
+			$where[] = 'comment_post_ID NOT IN ( ' . implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['post__not_in'] ) ) . ' )';
+		}
+
+		if ( '' !== $this->query_vars['author_email'] ) {
+			$where[] = $wpdb->prepare( 'comment_author_email = %s', $this->query_vars['author_email'] );
+		}
+
+		if ( '' !== $this->query_vars['karma'] ) {
+			$where[] = $wpdb->prepare( 'comment_karma = %d', $this->query_vars['karma'] );
+		}
+
+		// Filtering by comment_type: 'type', 'type__in', 'type__not_in'.
+		$raw_types = array(
+			'IN' => array_merge( (array) $this->query_vars['type'], (array) $this->query_vars['type__in'] ),
+			'NOT IN' => (array) $this->query_vars['type__not_in'],
+		);
+
+		$comment_types = array();
+		foreach ( $raw_types as $operator => $_raw_types ) {
+			$_raw_types = array_unique( $_raw_types );
+
+			foreach ( $_raw_types as $type ) {
+				switch ( $type ) {
+					// An empty translates to 'all', for backward compatibility
+					case '':
+					case 'all' :
+						break;
+
+					case 'comment':
+					case 'comments':
+						$comment_types[ $operator ][] = "''";
+						break;
+
+					case 'pings':
+						$comment_types[ $operator ][] = "'pingback'";
+						$comment_types[ $operator ][] = "'trackback'";
+						break;
+
+					default:
+						$comment_types[ $operator ][] = $wpdb->prepare( '%s', $type );
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty( $comment_types[ $operator ] ) ) {
+				$types_sql = implode( ', ', $comment_types[ $operator ] );
+				$where[] = "comment_type $operator ($types_sql)";
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( '' !== $this->query_vars['parent'] ) {
+			$where[] = $wpdb->prepare( 'comment_parent = %d', $this->query_vars['parent'] );
+		}
+
+		if ( is_array( $this->query_vars['user_id'] ) ) {
+			$where[] = 'user_id IN (' . implode( ',', array_map( 'absint', $this->query_vars['user_id'] ) ) . ')';
+		} elseif ( '' !== $this->query_vars['user_id'] ) {
+			$where[] = $wpdb->prepare( 'user_id = %d', $this->query_vars['user_id'] );
 		}
-		if ( '' !== $parent )
-			$where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND comment_parent = %d', $parent );
 
-		if ( is_array( $user_id ) ) {
-			$where .= ' AND user_id IN (' . implode( ',', array_map( 'absint', $user_id ) ) . ')';
-		} elseif ( '' !== $user_id ) {
-			$where .= $wpdb->prepare( ' AND user_id = %d', $user_id );
+		if ( '' !== $this->query_vars['search'] ) {
+			$search_sql = $this->get_search_sql(
+				$this->query_vars['search'],
+				array( 'comment_author', 'comment_author_email', 'comment_author_url', 'comment_author_IP', 'comment_content' )
+			);
+
+			// Strip leading 'AND'.
+			$where[] = preg_replace( '/^\s*AND\s*/', '', $search_sql );
 		}
 
-		if ( '' !== $search )
-			$where .= $this->get_search_sql( $search, array( 'comment_author', 'comment_author_email', 'comment_author_url', 'comment_author_IP', 'comment_content' ) );
+		// If any post-related query vars are passed, join the posts table.
+		$join_posts_table = false;
+		$plucked = wp_array_slice_assoc( $this->query_vars, array( 'post_author', 'post_name', 'post_parent', 'post_status', 'post_type' ) );
+		$post_fields = array_filter( $plucked );
 
-		$post_fields = array_filter( compact( array( 'post_author', 'post_name', 'post_parent', 'post_status', 'post_type', ) ) );
 		if ( ! empty( $post_fields ) ) {
+			$join_posts_table = true;
+			foreach ( $post_fields as $field_name => $field_value ) {
+				$where[] = $wpdb->prepare( " {$wpdb->posts}.{$field_name} = %s", $field_value );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Comment author IDs for an IN clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['author__in'] ) ) {
+			$where[] = 'user_id IN ( ' . implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['author__in'] ) ) . ' )';
+		}
+
+		// Comment author IDs for a NOT IN clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['author__not_in'] ) ) {
+			$where[] = 'user_id NOT IN ( ' . implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['author__not_in'] ) ) . ' )';
+		}
+
+		// Post author IDs for an IN clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['post_author__in'] ) ) {
+			$join_posts_table = true;
+			$where[] = 'post_author IN ( ' . implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['post_author__in'] ) ) . ' )';
+		}
+
+		// Post author IDs for a NOT IN clause.
+		if ( ! empty( $this->query_vars['post_author__not_in'] ) ) {
+			$join_posts_table = true;
+			$where[] = 'post_author NOT IN ( ' . implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['post_author__not_in'] ) ) . ' )';
+		}
+
+		if ( $join_posts_table ) {
 			$join = "JOIN $wpdb->posts ON $wpdb->posts.ID = $wpdb->comments.comment_post_ID";
-			foreach( $post_fields as $field_name => $field_value )
-				$where .= $wpdb->prepare( " AND {$wpdb->posts}.{$field_name} = %s", $field_value );
 		}
 
 		if ( ! empty( $this->meta_query->queries ) ) {
 			$clauses = $this->meta_query->get_sql( 'comment', $wpdb->comments, 'comment_ID', $this );
 			$join .= $clauses['join'];
-			$where .= $clauses['where'];
-			$groupby = "{$wpdb->comments}.comment_ID";
+
+			// Strip leading 'AND'.
+			$where[] = preg_replace( '/^\s*AND\s*/', '', $clauses['where'] );
+
+			if ( ! $this->query_vars['count'] ) {
+				$groupby = "{$wpdb->comments}.comment_ID";
+			}
 		}
 
+		$date_query = $this->query_vars['date_query'];
 		if ( ! empty( $date_query ) && is_array( $date_query ) ) {
 			$date_query_object = new WP_Date_Query( $date_query, 'comment_date' );
-			$where .= $date_query_object->get_sql();
+			$where[] = preg_replace( '/^\s*AND\s*/', '', $date_query_object->get_sql() );
 		}
 
+		$where = implode( ' AND ', $where );
+
 		$pieces = array( 'fields', 'join', 'where', 'orderby', 'order', 'limits', 'groupby' );
 		/**
 		 * Filter the comment query clauses.
@@ -412,27 +734,48 @@ class WP_Comment_Query {
 		 * @param WP_Comment_Query &$this  Current instance of WP_Comment_Query, passed by reference.
 		 */
 		$clauses = apply_filters_ref_array( 'comments_clauses', array( compact( $pieces ), &$this ) );
-		foreach ( $pieces as $piece )
-			$$piece = isset( $clauses[ $piece ] ) ? $clauses[ $piece ] : '';
 
-		if ( $groupby )
+		$fields = isset( $clauses[ 'fields' ] ) ? $clauses[ 'fields' ] : '';
+		$join = isset( $clauses[ 'join' ] ) ? $clauses[ 'join' ] : '';
+		$where = isset( $clauses[ 'where' ] ) ? $clauses[ 'where' ] : '';
+		$orderby = isset( $clauses[ 'orderby' ] ) ? $clauses[ 'orderby' ] : '';
+		$order = isset( $clauses[ 'order' ] ) ? $clauses[ 'order' ] : '';
+		$limits = isset( $clauses[ 'limits' ] ) ? $clauses[ 'limits' ] : '';
+		$groupby = isset( $clauses[ 'groupby' ] ) ? $clauses[ 'groupby' ] : '';
+
+		if ( $where ) {
+			$where = 'WHERE ' . $where;
+		}
+
+		if ( $groupby ) {
 			$groupby = 'GROUP BY ' . $groupby;
+		}
 
-		$query = "SELECT $fields FROM $wpdb->comments $join WHERE $where $groupby ORDER BY $orderby $order $limits";
+		if ( $orderby ) {
+			$orderby = "ORDER BY $orderby $order";
+		}
 
-		if ( $count )
-			return $wpdb->get_var( $query );
+		$this->request = "SELECT $fields FROM $wpdb->comments $join $where $groupby $orderby $limits";
 
-		$comments = $wpdb->get_results( $query );
+		if ( $this->query_vars['count'] ) {
+			return $wpdb->get_var( $this->request );
+		}
+
+		if ( 'ids' == $this->query_vars['fields'] ) {
+			$this->comments = $wpdb->get_col( $this->request );
+			return array_map( 'intval', $this->comments );
+		}
+
+		$results = $wpdb->get_results( $this->request );
 		/**
 		 * Filter the comment query results.
 		 *
 		 * @since 3.1.0
 		 *
-		 * @param array            $comments An array of comments.
+		 * @param array            $results  An array of comments.
 		 * @param WP_Comment_Query &$this    Current instance of WP_Comment_Query, passed by reference.
 		 */
-		$comments = apply_filters_ref_array( 'the_comments', array( $comments, &$this ) );
+		$comments = apply_filters_ref_array( 'the_comments', array( $results, &$this ) );
 
 		wp_cache_add( $cache_key, $comments, 'comment' );
 
@@ -449,12 +792,15 @@ class WP_Comment_Query {
 	 * @param array $cols
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	function get_search_sql( $string, $cols ) {
-		$string = esc_sql( like_escape( $string ) );
+	protected function get_search_sql( $string, $cols ) {
+		global $wpdb;
+
+		$like = '%' . $wpdb->esc_like( $string ) . '%';
 
 		$searches = array();
-		foreach ( $cols as $col )
-			$searches[] = "$col LIKE '%$string%'";
+		foreach ( $cols as $col ) {
+			$searches[] = $wpdb->prepare( "$col LIKE %s", $like );
+		}
 
 		return ' AND (' . implode(' OR ', $searches) . ')';
 	}
@@ -486,7 +832,8 @@ function get_comment_statuses() {
  * The date the last comment was modified.
  *
  * @since 1.5.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param string $timezone Which timezone to use in reference to 'gmt', 'blog',
  *		or 'server' locations.
@@ -526,7 +873,8 @@ function get_lastcommentmodified($timezone = 'server') {
  * caches, but this function does not.
  *
  * @since 2.0.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param int $post_id Optional. Comment amount in post if > 0, else total comments blog wide.
  * @return array The amount of spam, approved, awaiting moderation, and total comments.
@@ -585,7 +933,6 @@ function get_comment_count( $post_id = 0 ) {
  * Add meta data field to a comment.
  *
  * @since 2.9.0
- * @uses add_metadata
  * @link http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/add_comment_meta
  *
  * @param int $comment_id Comment ID.
@@ -606,7 +953,6 @@ function add_comment_meta($comment_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $unique = false)
  * allows removing all metadata matching key, if needed.
  *
  * @since 2.9.0
- * @uses delete_metadata
  * @link http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/delete_comment_meta
  *
  * @param int $comment_id comment ID
@@ -622,7 +968,6 @@ function delete_comment_meta($comment_id, $meta_key, $meta_value = '') {
  * Retrieve comment meta field for a comment.
  *
  * @since 2.9.0
- * @uses get_metadata
  * @link http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_comment_meta
  *
  * @param int $comment_id Comment ID.
@@ -644,7 +989,6 @@ function get_comment_meta($comment_id, $key = '', $single = false) {
  * If the meta field for the comment does not exist, it will be added.
  *
  * @since 2.9.0
- * @uses update_metadata
  * @link http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/update_comment_meta
  *
  * @param int $comment_id Comment ID.
@@ -678,9 +1022,10 @@ function wp_set_comment_cookies($comment, $user) {
 	 * @param int $seconds Comment cookie lifetime. Default 30000000.
 	 */
 	$comment_cookie_lifetime = apply_filters( 'comment_cookie_lifetime', 30000000 );
-	setcookie('comment_author_' . COOKIEHASH, $comment->comment_author, time() + $comment_cookie_lifetime, COOKIEPATH, COOKIE_DOMAIN);
-	setcookie('comment_author_email_' . COOKIEHASH, $comment->comment_author_email, time() + $comment_cookie_lifetime, COOKIEPATH, COOKIE_DOMAIN);
-	setcookie('comment_author_url_' . COOKIEHASH, esc_url($comment->comment_author_url), time() + $comment_cookie_lifetime, COOKIEPATH, COOKIE_DOMAIN);
+	$secure = ( 'https' === parse_url( home_url(), PHP_URL_SCHEME ) );
+	setcookie( 'comment_author_' . COOKIEHASH, $comment->comment_author, time() + $comment_cookie_lifetime, COOKIEPATH, COOKIE_DOMAIN, $secure );
+	setcookie( 'comment_author_email_' . COOKIEHASH, $comment->comment_author_email, time() + $comment_cookie_lifetime, COOKIEPATH, COOKIE_DOMAIN, $secure );
+	setcookie( 'comment_author_url_' . COOKIEHASH, esc_url($comment->comment_author_url), time() + $comment_cookie_lifetime, COOKIEPATH, COOKIE_DOMAIN, $secure );
 }
 
 /**
@@ -747,22 +1092,34 @@ function sanitize_comment_cookies() {
  * Validates whether this comment is allowed to be made.
  *
  * @since 2.0.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param array $commentdata Contains information on the comment
  * @return mixed Signifies the approval status (0|1|'spam')
  */
-function wp_allow_comment($commentdata) {
+function wp_allow_comment( $commentdata ) {
 	global $wpdb;
-	extract($commentdata, EXTR_SKIP);
 
 	// Simple duplicate check
 	// expected_slashed ($comment_post_ID, $comment_author, $comment_author_email, $comment_content)
-	$dupe = $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT comment_ID FROM $wpdb->comments WHERE comment_post_ID = %d AND comment_parent = %s AND comment_approved != 'trash' AND ( comment_author = %s ", wp_unslash( $comment_post_ID ), wp_unslash( $comment_parent ), wp_unslash( $comment_author ) );
-	if ( $comment_author_email )
-		$dupe .= $wpdb->prepare( "OR comment_author_email = %s ", wp_unslash( $comment_author_email ) );
-	$dupe .= $wpdb->prepare( ") AND comment_content = %s LIMIT 1", wp_unslash( $comment_content ) );
-	if ( $wpdb->get_var($dupe) ) {
+	$dupe = $wpdb->prepare(
+		"SELECT comment_ID FROM $wpdb->comments WHERE comment_post_ID = %d AND comment_parent = %s AND comment_approved != 'trash' AND ( comment_author = %s ",
+		wp_unslash( $commentdata['comment_post_ID'] ),
+		wp_unslash( $commentdata['comment_parent'] ),
+		wp_unslash( $commentdata['comment_author'] )
+	);
+	if ( $commentdata['comment_author_email'] ) {
+		$dupe .= $wpdb->prepare(
+			"OR comment_author_email = %s ",
+			wp_unslash( $commentdata['comment_author_email'] )
+		);
+	}
+	$dupe .= $wpdb->prepare(
+		") AND comment_content = %s LIMIT 1",
+		wp_unslash( $commentdata['comment_content'] )
+	);
+	if ( $wpdb->get_var( $dupe ) ) {
 		/**
 		 * Fires immediately after a duplicate comment is detected.
 		 *
@@ -771,10 +1128,10 @@ function wp_allow_comment($commentdata) {
 		 * @param array $commentdata Comment data.
 		 */
 		do_action( 'comment_duplicate_trigger', $commentdata );
-		if ( defined('DOING_AJAX') )
+		if ( defined( 'DOING_AJAX' ) ) {
 			die( __('Duplicate comment detected; it looks as though you&#8217;ve already said that!') );
-
-		wp_die( __('Duplicate comment detected; it looks as though you&#8217;ve already said that!') );
+		}
+		wp_die( __( 'Duplicate comment detected; it looks as though you&#8217;ve already said that!' ), 409 );
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -788,24 +1145,50 @@ function wp_allow_comment($commentdata) {
 	 * @param string $comment_author_email Comment author's email.
 	 * @param string $comment_date_gmt     GMT date the comment was posted.
 	 */
-	do_action( 'check_comment_flood', $comment_author_IP, $comment_author_email, $comment_date_gmt );
+	do_action(
+		'check_comment_flood',
+		$commentdata['comment_author_IP'],
+		$commentdata['comment_author_email'],
+		$commentdata['comment_date_gmt']
+	);
 
-	if ( ! empty( $user_id ) ) {
-		$user = get_userdata( $user_id );
-		$post_author = $wpdb->get_var($wpdb->prepare("SELECT post_author FROM $wpdb->posts WHERE ID = %d LIMIT 1", $comment_post_ID));
+	if ( ! empty( $commentdata['user_id'] ) ) {
+		$user = get_userdata( $commentdata['user_id'] );
+		$post_author = $wpdb->get_var( $wpdb->prepare(
+			"SELECT post_author FROM $wpdb->posts WHERE ID = %d LIMIT 1",
+			$commentdata['comment_post_ID']
+		) );
 	}
 
-	if ( isset( $user ) && ( $user_id == $post_author || $user->has_cap( 'moderate_comments' ) ) ) {
+	if ( isset( $user ) && ( $commentdata['user_id'] == $post_author || $user->has_cap( 'moderate_comments' ) ) ) {
 		// The author and the admins get respect.
 		$approved = 1;
 	} else {
 		// Everyone else's comments will be checked.
-		if ( check_comment($comment_author, $comment_author_email, $comment_author_url, $comment_content, $comment_author_IP, $comment_agent, $comment_type) )
+		if ( check_comment(
+			$commentdata['comment_author'],
+			$commentdata['comment_author_email'],
+			$commentdata['comment_author_url'],
+			$commentdata['comment_content'],
+			$commentdata['comment_author_IP'],
+			$commentdata['comment_agent'],
+			$commentdata['comment_type']
+		) ) {
 			$approved = 1;
-		else
+		} else {
 			$approved = 0;
-		if ( wp_blacklist_check($comment_author, $comment_author_email, $comment_author_url, $comment_content, $comment_author_IP, $comment_agent) )
+		}
+
+		if ( wp_blacklist_check(
+			$commentdata['comment_author'],
+			$commentdata['comment_author_email'],
+			$commentdata['comment_author_url'],
+			$commentdata['comment_content'],
+			$commentdata['comment_author_IP'],
+			$commentdata['comment_agent']
+		) ) {
 			$approved = 'spam';
+		}
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -827,7 +1210,8 @@ function wp_allow_comment($commentdata) {
  * administrators.
  *
  * @since 2.3.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param string $ip Comment IP.
  * @param string $email Comment author email address.
@@ -865,7 +1249,7 @@ function check_comment_flood_db( $ip, $email, $date ) {
 			if ( defined('DOING_AJAX') )
 				die( __('You are posting comments too quickly. Slow down.') );
 
-			wp_die( __('You are posting comments too quickly. Slow down.'), '', array('response' => 403) );
+			wp_die( __( 'You are posting comments too quickly. Slow down.' ), 429 );
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -944,9 +1328,6 @@ function get_comment_pages_count( $comments = null, $per_page = null, $threaded
  * Calculate what page number a comment will appear on for comment paging.
  *
  * @since 2.7.0
- * @uses get_comment() Gets the full comment of the $comment_ID parameter.
- * @uses get_option() Get various settings to control function and defaults.
- * @uses get_page_of_comment() Used to loop up to top level comment.
  *
  * @param int $comment_ID Comment ID.
  * @param array $args Optional args.
@@ -1133,8 +1514,8 @@ function wp_count_comments( $post_id = 0 ) {
  * post ID available.
  *
  * @since 2.0.0
- * @uses $wpdb
- * @uses wp_transition_comment_status() Passes new and old comment status along with $comment object
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param int $comment_id Comment ID
  * @param bool $force_delete Whether to bypass trash and force deletion. Default is false.
@@ -1187,15 +1568,9 @@ function wp_delete_comment($comment_id, $force_delete = false) {
 
 	clean_comment_cache($comment_id);
 
-	/**
-	 * Fires immediately before changing the comment's status to 'delete'.
-	 *
-	 * @since 1.5.0
-	 *
-	 * @param int    $comment_id The comment ID.
-	 * @param string $status     The new 'delete' comment status.
-	 */
+	/** This action is documented in wp-includes/comment.php */
 	do_action( 'wp_set_comment_status', $comment_id, 'delete' );
+
 	wp_transition_comment_status('delete', $comment->comment_approved, $comment);
 	return true;
 }
@@ -1207,8 +1582,6 @@ function wp_delete_comment($comment_id, $force_delete = false) {
  *
  * @since 2.9.0
  *
- * @uses wp_delete_comment() if trash is disabled
- *
  * @param int $comment_id Comment ID.
  * @return bool True on success, false on failure.
  */
@@ -1372,7 +1745,7 @@ function wp_unspam_comment($comment_id) {
  * @since 1.0.0
  *
  * @param int $comment_id Comment ID
- * @return string|bool Status might be 'trash', 'approved', 'unapproved', 'spam'. False on failure.
+ * @return false|string Status might be 'trash', 'approved', 'unapproved', 'spam'. False on failure.
  */
 function wp_get_comment_status($comment_id) {
 	$comment = get_comment($comment_id);
@@ -1445,7 +1818,7 @@ function wp_transition_comment_status($new_status, $old_status, $comment) {
 		/**
 		 * Fires when the comment status is in transition from one specific status to another.
 		 *
-		 * The dynamic portions of the hook name, $old_status, and $new_status,
+		 * The dynamic portions of the hook name, `$old_status`, and `$new_status`,
 		 * refer to the old and new comment statuses, respectively.
 		 *
 		 * @since 2.7.0
@@ -1457,7 +1830,7 @@ function wp_transition_comment_status($new_status, $old_status, $comment) {
 	/**
 	 * Fires when the status of a specific comment type is in transition.
 	 *
-	 * The dynamic portions of the hook name, $new_status, and $comment->comment_type,
+	 * The dynamic portions of the hook name, `$new_status`, and `$comment->comment_type`,
 	 * refer to the new comment status, and the type of comment, respectively.
 	 *
 	 * Typical comment types include an empty string (standard comment), 'pingback',
@@ -1517,41 +1890,45 @@ function wp_get_current_commenter() {
  * 'comment_date_gmt', 'comment_parent', 'comment_approved', and 'user_id'.
  *
  * @since 2.0.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param array $commentdata Contains information on the comment.
- * @return int The new comment's ID.
+ * @return int|bool The new comment's ID on success, false on failure.
  */
-function wp_insert_comment($commentdata) {
+function wp_insert_comment( $commentdata ) {
 	global $wpdb;
-	extract(wp_unslash($commentdata), EXTR_SKIP);
-
-	if ( ! isset($comment_author_IP) )
-		$comment_author_IP = '';
-	if ( ! isset($comment_date) )
-		$comment_date = current_time('mysql');
-	if ( ! isset($comment_date_gmt) )
-		$comment_date_gmt = get_gmt_from_date($comment_date);
-	if ( ! isset($comment_parent) )
-		$comment_parent = 0;
-	if ( ! isset($comment_approved) )
-		$comment_approved = 1;
-	if ( ! isset($comment_karma) )
-		$comment_karma = 0;
-	if ( ! isset($user_id) )
-		$user_id = 0;
-	if ( ! isset($comment_type) )
-		$comment_type = '';
-
-	$data = compact('comment_post_ID', 'comment_author', 'comment_author_email', 'comment_author_url', 'comment_author_IP', 'comment_date', 'comment_date_gmt', 'comment_content', 'comment_karma', 'comment_approved', 'comment_agent', 'comment_type', 'comment_parent', 'user_id');
-	$wpdb->insert($wpdb->comments, $data);
+	$data = wp_unslash( $commentdata );
 
-	$id = (int) $wpdb->insert_id;
+	$comment_author       = ! isset( $data['comment_author'] )       ? '' : $data['comment_author'];
+	$comment_author_email = ! isset( $data['comment_author_email'] ) ? '' : $data['comment_author_email'];
+	$comment_author_url   = ! isset( $data['comment_author_url'] )   ? '' : $data['comment_author_url'];
+	$comment_author_IP    = ! isset( $data['comment_author_IP'] )    ? '' : $data['comment_author_IP'];
+
+	$comment_date     = ! isset( $data['comment_date'] )     ? current_time( 'mysql' )            : $data['comment_date'];
+	$comment_date_gmt = ! isset( $data['comment_date_gmt'] ) ? get_gmt_from_date( $comment_date ) : $data['comment_date_gmt'];
+
+	$comment_post_ID  = ! isset( $data['comment_post_ID'] )  ? '' : $data['comment_post_ID'];
+	$comment_content  = ! isset( $data['comment_content'] )  ? '' : $data['comment_content'];
+	$comment_karma    = ! isset( $data['comment_karma'] )    ? 0  : $data['comment_karma'];
+	$comment_approved = ! isset( $data['comment_approved'] ) ? 1  : $data['comment_approved'];
+	$comment_agent    = ! isset( $data['comment_agent'] )    ? '' : $data['comment_agent'];
+	$comment_type     = ! isset( $data['comment_type'] )     ? '' : $data['comment_type'];
+	$comment_parent   = ! isset( $data['comment_parent'] )   ? 0  : $data['comment_parent'];
+
+	$user_id  = ! isset( $data['user_id'] ) ? 0 : $data['user_id'];
+
+	$compacted = compact( 'comment_post_ID', 'comment_author', 'comment_author_email', 'comment_author_url', 'comment_author_IP', 'comment_date', 'comment_date_gmt', 'comment_content', 'comment_karma', 'comment_approved', 'comment_agent', 'comment_type', 'comment_parent', 'user_id' );
+	if ( ! $wpdb->insert( $wpdb->comments, $compacted ) ) {
+		return false;
+	}
 
-	if ( $comment_approved == 1 )
-		wp_update_comment_count($comment_post_ID);
+	$id = (int) $wpdb->insert_id;
 
-	$comment = get_comment($id);
+	if ( $comment_approved == 1 ) {
+		wp_update_comment_count( $comment_post_ID );
+	}
+	$comment = get_comment( $id );
 
 	/**
 	 * Fires immediately after a comment is inserted into the database.
@@ -1660,13 +2037,19 @@ function wp_throttle_comment_flood($block, $time_lastcomment, $time_newcomment)
  *
  * We use REMOTE_ADDR here directly. If you are behind a proxy, you should ensure
  * that it is properly set, such as in wp-config.php, for your environment.
- * See {@link http://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/9235}
+ * See {@link https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/9235}
  *
  * @since 1.5.0
  * @param array $commentdata Contains information on the comment.
- * @return int The ID of the comment after adding.
+ * @return int|bool The ID of the comment on success, false on failure.
  */
 function wp_new_comment( $commentdata ) {
+	if ( isset( $commentdata['user_ID'] ) ) {
+		$commentdata['user_id'] = $commentdata['user_ID'] = (int) $commentdata['user_ID'];
+	}
+
+	$prefiltered_user_id = ( isset( $commentdata['user_id'] ) ) ? (int) $commentdata['user_id'] : 0;
+
 	/**
 	 * Filter a comment's data before it is sanitized and inserted into the database.
 	 *
@@ -1677,10 +2060,11 @@ function wp_new_comment( $commentdata ) {
 	$commentdata = apply_filters( 'preprocess_comment', $commentdata );
 
 	$commentdata['comment_post_ID'] = (int) $commentdata['comment_post_ID'];
-	if ( isset($commentdata['user_ID']) )
+	if ( isset( $commentdata['user_ID'] ) && $prefiltered_user_id !== (int) $commentdata['user_ID'] ) {
 		$commentdata['user_id'] = $commentdata['user_ID'] = (int) $commentdata['user_ID'];
-	elseif ( isset($commentdata['user_id']) )
+	} elseif ( isset( $commentdata['user_id'] ) ) {
 		$commentdata['user_id'] = (int) $commentdata['user_id'];
+	}
 
 	$commentdata['comment_parent'] = isset($commentdata['comment_parent']) ? absint($commentdata['comment_parent']) : 0;
 	$parent_status = ( 0 < $commentdata['comment_parent'] ) ? wp_get_comment_status($commentdata['comment_parent']) : '';
@@ -1697,6 +2081,9 @@ function wp_new_comment( $commentdata ) {
 	$commentdata['comment_approved'] = wp_allow_comment($commentdata);
 
 	$comment_ID = wp_insert_comment($commentdata);
+	if ( ! $comment_ID ) {
+		return false;
+	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Fires immediately after a comment is inserted into the database.
@@ -1730,7 +2117,6 @@ function wp_new_comment( $commentdata ) {
  * If the comment status is not in the list, then false is returned.
  *
  * @since 1.0.0
- * @uses wp_transition_comment_status() Passes new and old comment status along with $comment object
  *
  * @param int $comment_id Comment ID.
  * @param string $comment_status New comment status, either 'hold', 'approve', 'spam', or 'trash'.
@@ -1740,7 +2126,6 @@ function wp_new_comment( $commentdata ) {
 function wp_set_comment_status($comment_id, $comment_status, $wp_error = false) {
 	global $wpdb;
 
-	$status = '0';
 	switch ( $comment_status ) {
 		case 'hold':
 		case '0':
@@ -1777,17 +2162,17 @@ function wp_set_comment_status($comment_id, $comment_status, $wp_error = false)
 	$comment = get_comment($comment_id);
 
 	/**
-	 * Fires after a comment status has been updated in the database.
-	 *
-	 * The hook also fires immediately before comment status transition hooks are fired.
+	 * Fires immediately before transitioning a comment's status from one to another
+	 * in the database.
 	 *
 	 * @since 1.5.0
 	 *
-	 * @param int         $comment_id     The comment ID.
-	 * @param string|bool $comment_status The comment status. Possible values include 'hold',
-	 *                                    'approve', 'spam', 'trash', or false.
+	 * @param int         $comment_id     Comment ID.
+	 * @param string|bool $comment_status Current comment status. Possible values include
+	 *                                    'hold', 'approve', 'spam', 'trash', or false.
 	 */
 	do_action( 'wp_set_comment_status', $comment_id, $comment_status );
+
 	wp_transition_comment_status($comment_status, $comment_old->comment_approved, $comment);
 
 	wp_update_comment_count($comment->comment_post_ID);
@@ -1801,8 +2186,8 @@ function wp_set_comment_status($comment_id, $comment_status, $wp_error = false)
  * Filters the comment and makes sure certain fields are valid before updating.
  *
  * @since 2.0.0
- * @uses $wpdb
- * @uses wp_transition_comment_status() Passes new and old comment status along with $comment object
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param array $commentarr Contains information on the comment.
  * @return int Comment was updated if value is 1, or was not updated if value is 0.
@@ -1812,9 +2197,9 @@ function wp_update_comment($commentarr) {
 
 	// First, get all of the original fields
 	$comment = get_comment($commentarr['comment_ID'], ARRAY_A);
-	if ( empty( $comment ) )
+	if ( empty( $comment ) ) {
 		return 0;
-
+	}
 	// Escape data pulled from DB.
 	$comment = wp_slash($comment);
 
@@ -1826,7 +2211,7 @@ function wp_update_comment($commentarr) {
 	$commentarr = wp_filter_comment( $commentarr );
 
 	// Now extract the merged array.
-	extract(wp_unslash($commentarr), EXTR_SKIP);
+	$data = wp_unslash( $commentarr );
 
 	/**
 	 * Filter the comment content before it is updated in the database.
@@ -1835,22 +2220,26 @@ function wp_update_comment($commentarr) {
 	 *
 	 * @param string $comment_content The comment data.
 	 */
-	$comment_content = apply_filters( 'comment_save_pre', $comment_content );
+	$data['comment_content'] = apply_filters( 'comment_save_pre', $data['comment_content'] );
 
-	$comment_date_gmt = get_gmt_from_date($comment_date);
+	$data['comment_date_gmt'] = get_gmt_from_date( $data['comment_date'] );
 
-	if ( !isset($comment_approved) )
-		$comment_approved = 1;
-	else if ( 'hold' == $comment_approved )
-		$comment_approved = 0;
-	else if ( 'approve' == $comment_approved )
-		$comment_approved = 1;
+	if ( ! isset( $data['comment_approved'] ) ) {
+		$data['comment_approved'] = 1;
+	} else if ( 'hold' == $data['comment_approved'] ) {
+		$data['comment_approved'] = 0;
+	} else if ( 'approve' == $data['comment_approved'] ) {
+		$data['comment_approved'] = 1;
+	}
 
-	$data = compact( 'comment_content', 'comment_author', 'comment_author_email', 'comment_approved', 'comment_karma', 'comment_author_url', 'comment_date', 'comment_date_gmt', 'comment_parent' );
+	$comment_ID = $data['comment_ID'];
+	$comment_post_ID = $data['comment_post_ID'];
+	$keys = array( 'comment_content', 'comment_author', 'comment_author_email', 'comment_approved', 'comment_karma', 'comment_author_url', 'comment_date', 'comment_date_gmt', 'comment_parent' );
+	$data = wp_array_slice_assoc( $data, $keys );
 	$rval = $wpdb->update( $wpdb->comments, $data, compact( 'comment_ID' ) );
 
-	clean_comment_cache($comment_ID);
-	wp_update_comment_count($comment_post_ID);
+	clean_comment_cache( $comment_ID );
+	wp_update_comment_count( $comment_post_ID );
 	/**
 	 * Fires immediately after a comment is updated in the database.
 	 *
@@ -1878,7 +2267,7 @@ function wp_update_comment($commentarr) {
  * @staticvar bool $_defer
  *
  * @param bool $defer
- * @return unknown
+ * @return bool
  */
 function wp_defer_comment_counting($defer=null) {
 	static $_defer = false;
@@ -1909,7 +2298,7 @@ function wp_defer_comment_counting($defer=null) {
  *
  * @param int $post_id Post ID
  * @param bool $do_deferred Whether to process previously deferred post comment counts
- * @return bool True on success, false on failure
+ * @return bool|null True on success, false on failure
  */
 function wp_update_comment_count($post_id, $do_deferred=false) {
 	static $_deferred = array();
@@ -1936,7 +2325,8 @@ function wp_update_comment_count($post_id, $do_deferred=false) {
  * Updates the comment count for the post.
  *
  * @since 2.5.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param int $post_id Post ID
  * @return bool True on success, false on '0' $post_id or if post with ID does not exist.
@@ -1986,7 +2376,7 @@ function wp_update_comment_count_now($post_id) {
  *
  * @param string $url URL to ping.
  * @param int $deprecated Not Used.
- * @return bool|string False on failure, string containing URI on success.
+ * @return false|string False on failure, string containing URI on success.
  */
 function discover_pingback_server_uri( $url, $deprecated = '' ) {
 	if ( !empty( $deprecated ) )
@@ -2050,7 +2440,8 @@ function discover_pingback_server_uri( $url, $deprecated = '' ) {
  * Perform all pingbacks, enclosures, trackbacks, and send to pingback services.
  *
  * @since 2.1.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  */
 function do_all_pings() {
 	global $wpdb;
@@ -2081,7 +2472,8 @@ function do_all_pings() {
  * Perform trackbacks.
  *
  * @since 1.5.0
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param int $post_id Post ID to do trackbacks on.
  */
@@ -2097,10 +2489,10 @@ function do_trackbacks($post_id) {
 	}
 
 	if ( empty($post->post_excerpt) ) {
-		/** This filter is documented in wp-admin/post-template.php */
+		/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/post-template.php */
 		$excerpt = apply_filters( 'the_content', $post->post_content, $post->ID );
 	} else {
-		/** This filter is documented in wp-admin/post-template.php */
+		/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/post-template.php */
 		$excerpt = apply_filters( 'the_excerpt', $post->post_excerpt );
 	}
 
@@ -2129,10 +2521,10 @@ function do_trackbacks($post_id) {
  *
  * @since 1.2.0
  *
- * @param int $post_id Post ID. Not actually used.
+ * @param int $post_id Post ID.
  * @return int Same as Post ID from parameter
  */
-function generic_ping($post_id = 0) {
+function generic_ping( $post_id = 0 ) {
 	$services = get_option('ping_sites');
 
 	$services = explode("\n", $services);
@@ -2150,7 +2542,6 @@ function generic_ping($post_id = 0) {
  *
  * @since 0.71
  * @uses $wp_version
- * @uses IXR_Client
  *
  * @param string $content Post content to check for links.
  * @param int $post_ID Post ID.
@@ -2256,7 +2647,8 @@ function privacy_ping_filter($sites) {
  * Updates database when sending trackback to prevent duplicates.
  *
  * @since 0.71
- * @uses $wpdb
+ *
+ * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
  *
  * @param string $trackback_url URL to send trackbacks.
  * @param string $title Title of post.
@@ -2293,7 +2685,6 @@ function trackback($trackback_url, $title, $excerpt, $ID) {
  *
  * @since 1.2.0
  * @uses $wp_version
- * @uses IXR_Client
  *
  * @param string $server Host of blog to connect to.
  * @param string $path Path to send the ping.