The lion dance is one of China's most distinctive cultural arts.
The tradition dates back thousands of years. It is believed to have appeared
in either the Tang, Han, or Ch'in dynasties, possibly in different forms.
Other legends associated with lion dance include using the dance to chasing
away the monster "Nian." Often performed by kung fu schools, it brings with
it good fortune, prosperity, and longevity. The lion dance appears in western
countries mainly during celebrations such as Chinese New Year, the August
Moon Festival and other multi-cultural events. It is also often seen at the
opening of new shops, weddings, births, or where good fortune and prosperity
is wished.
While lions are not native to China and were rarely seen in Ancient China,
the lion somehow became a part of the Chinese culture. They are often seen
carved outside of temples and of course there is the lion dance. Often, the
lions statues and costumes for lion dancing have no resemblence to an actual
lion, probably due to the fact that actual lions were rarely seen and the
bright colors were used to chase way evil spirits and bad luck. There are
two major types of lion dancing evolved from Northern and Southern China with
the lion of the Northern style resembles an actual lion more. However, both
styles produce a very realistic portrayal of the lion. The dance can be
performed freestyle or choreographed. The freestlye is used mostly in parades.
The choreographed dances are used in shows coordinated to a drum, gong, and cymbals.
Costume
The lion heads take hours to construct. First, a frame is made
from bamboo and wood. Then, paper mache is used to cover the frame. A
thin cloth is added between layers of paper mache for extra strength.
After the paper mache is dried, paint is applied in colorful patterns.
A clear glossy coat is applied which also adds strength. Finally, the
eyes, ears, fur, and other decorations are applied to finish the head.
Before a head is used it must first have its eyes opened in a ceremony
called Hoi Gong. For realism, the heads have moving mouth, eyes,
and ears.
There are several different types of heads, weighing as much as 35 pounds.
However, movement is less about strenght than cooridination and timing.
First off, the Northern and Southern heads and constumes are different.
The Northern lion looks more like a real lion, with fur all over the body
and a more anatomically correct head. The performers often wear leggings
that add to the realism. The Southern lion head is more ornate and fancy.
The body and tail is made of silk and has almost no fur. The best heads
can be purchased for $1000 to $800 from Hong Kong or Malaysia. For about
$500, heads can be purchased from fut shan (Buddha Moutnain in
Gongdont), but they only last for a few performances. Aside from the fut
shan style head, there is the hok shan style that has more
room inside because of a protruding nose and mouth.
Dance
The dance sequence usually starts with the lion or lions cautiously
coming out of a cave. He sniffs around for danger. Other elements of the
dance include: giving respects by bowing, fighting if more than one lion
is performing, sleeping, grooming, and drinking. Generally, each dance
contains a sequence where the lion or lions eat lettuce or other greens,
call the choi cheng. In the United States, the green has come to
mean prosperity because it is the color of money. However, the true meaning
is that dealing out lettuce is fa tsai in Chinese, which sounds
like become prosperous in Chinese. Often a red envelope, called hong
bao, is attached as payment. After eating the lettuce, the lion crouches
for a moment and then sprays the audience with it. Sometimes the green
is placed behind obstacles that the lion needs to pass to get it. Other
exotic object have been eaten with different meanings. Sometimes scrolls
with lucky sayings are used when spraying lettuce is inappropriate.
Other variations include a dancing Buddist monk, called the Little Buddha,
that provokes the lion, plays with it and feeds it. Sometimes the lion
will bite the monk. Many dances will add in tricks such as lifts and rolls.
These are difficult to coordinate between both dancers and other lions.
Legend and Origins
The legend says "Nian" was a feirce monster that especially
liked kidnapping children. He terrorized villages year after year. Finally,
one year, a lion defeated and chased the monster away. Nian vowed to return
next year. This time the villagers did not have a lion to protect themselves.
So, they solved the problem by creating a costume likeness of a lion and
two villagers used it to scare Nian away. This is the reason the lion
dance is performed every Chinese New Year. Legend also says that loud
noises from the drum, other instruments, and firecrackers helped scare
Nian away. Red is worn during the New Years celebration because it was
also believed that Nian was afraid of the color red. The word "Nian,"
thought the yearly ceremony, has become the Chinese word for year.
Another origin of the lion dance is that an emperor of the Tang Dynasty
had a dream in which a strange creature saved his life. When he woke,
he described his dream. His advisors said the creature he describe resembled
the lion, a creature from the West. The emperor commissioned the lion
dance in honor of the creature that saved his life. The Tang dynasty saw
lion dancing at its peak. One record states that a dance performed for
nobles contained 12 groups of 5 lions, each with 12 'lion-men' following
each lion. They danced to 140 people singing the 'tai-ping' melody (composed
in the Tang Dynasty).
The Little Buddha originates from the Buddist/Shaolin monks that was thought
to have trained the first lion dancers. The Little Buddha is sometimes
refered to as the da to fut, or big headed monk.
At MIT
The MIT Lion Dance Club is a lion dance group based in Boston.
We have been performing all over the East Coast for over 10 years now
(since 1994), and have established a reputation for themselves. We became
an official club at MIT in 1997.
We use the Southern Lion and perform mostly choreographed sequences with
two or three lions. We generally perform in what is known as the Hong
Gar (also Hung Gar) style to mostly three-star but some seven-star movements/beats.
Hong Gar style was founded by Hung Hei Gwoon. It is the style that was
practiced by the famous kung fu master, Wong Fei Hong and his father Wong Kai Ying.
It is a lot of fun, particularly working with children. In general, we
usually perform around Chinese New Year, but are availible most of the
year.
